9/26/2020 0 Comments Sage ReferenceSage Reference For occasion, you would possibly all the time use “phase” when describing an algorithm however “step” when describing how a consumer makes use of a software. Give each concept in your paper a descriptive name to make it more memorable to readers. Never use phrases like “strategy 1”, “strategy 2”, or “our method”, and keep away from acronyms when possible. If you can't think of a good name, then fairly probably you don't really perceive the idea. Think tougher about it to find out its most essential or salient options. Choose good names not just for the ideas that you just present in your paper, however for the doc supply file. Don't name the file after the convention to which you are submitting or the yr. Even if the paper is accepted, such a name will not inform you what the paper is about when whenever you look over your information in later years. Instead, give the paper or its folder/listing a reputation that reflects its content. Another profit is that this may even lead you to think about the paper when it comes to its content and contributions. If you have to use a bitmap , then produce them at very excessive resolution. Use the biggest-resolution display you'll be able to, and magnify the portion you will capture. It usually greatest not to e mail the document, but to offer a location from which reviewers can obtain the latest version of the paper, such as a model control repository or a URL you'll replace. That way, you will not litter inboxes with many revisions, and readers can always get the newest copy. Be thoughtful to your reviewers, who are spending their time to help you. When readers misunderstand the paper, that's at all times no less than partly the writer's fault! Even should you think the readers have missed the purpose, you will find out how your work could be misinterpreted, and eliminating those ambiguities will improve the paper. Don't waste textual content within the paper (and tax the reader's endurance) regurgitating data that's expressed extra precisely and concisely in a figure. For instance, it mustn't repeat a quantity from a table or graph. Text within the paper ought to add perception or explanations, or a minimum of summarize the info in the determine. Export figures from your drawing program in a vector graphics format. Do not use a single time period to check with multiple concepts. If you employ the time period “technique” for each final concept that you just introduce in your paper, then readers will become confused. This is a place that use of synonyms to tell apart ideas which are unrelated is acceptable. Any boldface or different highlighting ought to be used to indicate an important elements of a textual content. In code snippets, it ought to never be used to spotlight syntactic elements similar to “public” or “int”, as a result of that's not the part to which you want to draw the reader's eye. (Even in case your IDE happens to try this, it isn't appropriate for a paper.) For example, it might be acceptable to use boldface to point the names of procedures , but not their return types. This is beneficial should you re-run experiments or evaluation, or if you have to defend your outcomes against a criticism by other researchers. If you permit some steps handbook, then you definitely or your colleagues are highly likely to make a mistake or to be unable to reproduce your results later. For occasion, suppose your medicine cures 30% of sufferers, and the placebo cures 25% of sufferers. You may report that your medication's remedy fee is .3, the placebo's treatment price is .25, and your medicine's cure price is either .05 higher or 20% larger. Just as you should accurately use “one hundred twenty% more” versus “one hundred twenty% as many”, you have to correctly use “three times faster than” versus “3 times as fast as”. A associated, also common, confusion is between “three instances faster than and 3 occasions as fast as”. “Half as many” is a a lot better substitute for “2 times fewer”. If you do any computations corresponding to ratios, you should internally use the complete precision of your precise measurements, however your paper will report solely a limited number of digits of precision. Put figures at the top of the web page, not in the middle or bottom. Different people study in numerous ways, so you should complement a textual or mathematical presentation with a graphical one. Even for folks whose primary studying modality is textual, one other presentation of the ideas can make clear, fill gaps, or enable the reader to verify his or her understanding. Unless your method is a small variation on one other approach, it's often greatest to defer the related work to the end of the paper. When it comes first, it gives readers the impression that your work is rather derivative. One good approach to automate these duties is by writing a program or making a script for a build system similar to Make or Ant. If you document and automate these steps, then you can simply regenerate the paper when needed.
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Man Is By Nature A Social Animal Essay Imagery is when an author describes a scene, factor, or thought so that it appeals to our senses . This system is often used to assist the reader clearly visualize elements of the story by creating a powerful psychological picture. Foreshadowing is when an creator indirectly hints at—by way of issues similar to dialogue, description, or characters' actions—what's to come in a while in the story. This system is often used to introduce pressure to a story. Anaphora is when a word or phrase is repeated initially of a number of sentences throughout an article. Juxtaposition is the comparing and contrasting of two or extra totally different concepts, characters, objects, etc. This literary system is often used to help create a clearer picture of the traits of one object or concept by evaluating it with those of another. Often, this can be a sign that you should trim your work to remove the redundancy (such as “frozen ice”) but can be used for poetic emphasis. Repetition, repetition, repetition… the place would we be without it? Though too much repetition is never a great thing, occasional repetition can be used fairly successfully to drill home a degree, or to create a sure ambiance. It's used to emphasize the repeated phrase and evoke robust feelings in the viewers. Allusion is when an author makes an oblique reference to a determine, place, event, or thought originating from exterior the textual content. Many allusions make reference to previous works of literature or art. Alliteration is a sequence of phrases or phrases that all begin with the identical sound. These sounds are sometimes consonants to provide more stress to that syllable. An oxymoron comes from two contradictory phrases that describe one thing. While juxtaposition contrasts two story components, oxymorons are in regards to the actual phrases you're using. Juxtaposition places two or more dissimilar characters, themes, ideas, and so on. facet by aspect, and the profound distinction highlights their variations. For instance, horror writers typically use repetition to make the reader feel trapped and scared. Instead of using a single conjunction in a lengthy statements, polysyndeton makes use of several in succession for a dramatic effect. This one is unquestionably for authors trying to add a little bit of artistic flair to their writing, or who're hoping to painting a selected (usually naïve) type of voice. Point of view is, after all, the mode of narration in a story. There are many POVs an writer can choose, and every one could have a special influence on the reading experience. You'll typically come throughout alliteration in poetry, titles of books and poems (Jane Austen is a fan of this device, for instance—simply have a look at Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility), and tongue twisters. Below is a list of literary units, most of which you may often come throughout in both prose and poetry. In short, it is when an writer compares one factor to another. The two things being described normally share something in widespread but are unalike in all different respects. Malapropism happens when an incorrect word is used rather than a word that has an identical sound. This misuse of the word typically leads to a press release that is each nonsensical and humorous; in consequence, this system is usually used in comedic writing. We proudly circulate our publication to over 500,000 authors each week. Subscribe today right now for writing, publishing and marketings tips. Become a member at present to find how we might help you publish a wonderful book. A tautology is when a sentence or short paragraph repeats a word or phrase, expressing the same concept twice. We clarify what every literary term is and offer you an example of how it's used. This literary elements listing is arranged in alphabetical order. Now that we've gone over why you should spend some time studying literary devices, let's take a look at a few of the most important literary components to know. Why is juxtaposition such an effective literary system? Well, as a result of typically the easiest way for us to understand something is by understanding what it’s not. If you’re a neat freak who likes things just so, isocolon is the literary gadget for you.
9/24/2020 0 Comments Research Paper Writing ServiceResearch Paper Writing Service The research paper has no less than 9 important components although, of course, there could also be additional parts relying on the discretion of your teacher. The primary precept to think about in writing research paper is that you should first think about and familiarize your self with the “works” of others after which attempt to compare them together with your concepts. Time for printing your first paragraph with the thesis. The researcher ought to comply with an academic style of writing and any ostentatiousness in writing must be averted. The language of the analysis paper ought to should be easy and simple to understand. The researcher can write particulars and lots of explanations but these particulars and explanations ought to be of worth to the research the researcher should not add unnecessary particulars within the analysis. The analysis paper is extra concise in nature than dissertations and thesis. Accuracy is essential as a result of with out accuracy the research paper cannot be valid and generalizable. Thus, each sentence of your paper has a fantastic worth. Based on the studies you carried out in your college or school laboratory, you'll be able to turn into a fantastic scientific writer. Writing a analysis paper is the final step of the analysis and writing requires rigorousness. It is your main argument, so, as an alternative of constructing it too general and obvious, note down a specific level you wish to defend. Once you scanned all potential printed sources on the subject, it's time to transfer to the stage known as subject acceptance. You will later name all used sources of data on the final web page generally known as Bibliography, Works Cited, or References Page. The main function of the research paper is to develop pupil’s research and technical abilities. This kind of assignment additionally improves writing and analytical abilities considerably. Put your name, course, and professor’s name within the bottom of your title web page. Develop a robust, eye-catching thesis statement which is able to give a clue of what your topic is about. It helps you develop reasoning skills as you learn any article or e-book to gather sources for your research paper. It helps you think in a different way and think out of the field if you learn one thing. You develop the ability of constructing conclusion from what you learn and ask query from your self whether you agree with it or not. As a scholar you might think why a analysis paper is essential? Make positive that your analysis materials are from credible sources corresponding to academic books and peer-reviewed journals. Also, ensure that your reading materials are immediately related to the topic of your analysis paper. The literature review usually includes the names of the authors, the titles of their works and the 12 months of the publication of these works. In writing a analysis paper, take careful note of its components. He should make sure the accuracy of his analysis to 100 percent. Add a one-paragraph introduction and a one-paragraph conclusion. Usually the thesis statement appears as the final sentence or two of the first, introductory paragraph. Make positive all citations seem within the appropriate format for the fashion you are utilizing. The conclusion should not merely restate your thesis, but should check with it. In truth, there were very few examples of how the other stages have been being taught. This part is the place you'll be offering all of the relevant readings from previous works. Provide temporary summaries or descriptions of the works of other authors. there are many causes a analysis paper is necessary to you. The expertise that you simply study from writing a research paper can't be learned from different tutorial writings. These expertise that you'll develop from writing a analysis paper will help you in attaining educational success. Select a subject that may permit you to compile, analyze, and interpret information from quite a few sources so that your paper becomes a useful supply of data for the reader. Remember, a good analysis paper ought to assist your teacher study as nicely. In each step of the research the researcher has to check the accuracy. While testing the hypothesis the researcher ought to write down the outcomes of the tests precisely in order that there isn't any error. In research the researcher should go away no chances of error by himself.
Research Paper Writing Guide Pack & Tips For Homeschool Students This examine reveals that working ladies had been extra careworn as compared to non – working ladies. life, one of many ideas underlying is what to speak and what to carry again. The examine was exploratory in nature and survey methodology was used to finish it. of the staff’s design, processes, and personnel means groups as interdependent methods. attempt to have your paper reviewed by a local or fluent speaker of English. Include the works cited on the end of the research paper. to seek out the original piece of writing based mostly on the knowledge researcher offers. both from other banks or by selling business paper within the money market. utilized to check the perception between female and male students. The complete population was the students of skilled and non professional programs. for college students to imagine accountability for their very own training often had been lacking. One should take them in as companions in the educative course of. In so doing, students learn a respect for the proper of others. these college students come out with finest colors, who had acquired data. Retrieved June 19,2006, from Academic Search Elite database. Retrieved June 19, 2006, from Regional Business News database. potentiality of event- induced variances this examine used the paired sample t check. official websites of Nseindia and particular person corporations was used for data assortment. The skewness and kurtosis values show the non-normality of the data. The research was performed in Gwalior area on a sample of 100 respondents. Psychological and physiological stressors among working and non-working ladies have been examined in the current study. Data have been collected from 75 working and seventy five non-working women from four localities of Ludhiana city. Results indicated that frequent elements of stress in each categories have been unfinished duties, compulsion of doing disliked activities, death of close relative, improper sleep. The study looked on the causes that influence switching behaviour for cellular service providers. The period of the research cover the three Financial year from 2007 to 2010. List all concepts that come to mind—alone or in a bunch. Success begins with the proper subject and scope of the analysis that would be concerned. The researcher needs to ensure that the thesis indicates the purpose of the discussion. to track, store and retrieve bibliographic references while you do scholarly writing. Creating a bibliography manually is usually a very annoying and time-consuming job. Organize the ideas, making one main point with each paragraph. Select the topic which shall be very helpful for the readers and likewise newest one. unsuitable since you most likely received’t have the ability to assist it from library sources. Remember that a robust research paper actually justifies discussion. Fig.1 and a couple of, the hourglass mannequin and the King model of paper structure. about which concepts came from researcher and which came from others. Since copyright legal guidelines shield the expression of concepts. reveals there has been insufficient examination and interpretation of the data. consistent or fit in with previously revealed knowledge on the subject. one area of the writing is proving troublesome, leap to another half.
How To Write An Honest But Effective Abstract For Scientific Papers An summary is a short, objective description of an mental useful resource, usually a written doc. Professors usually assign college students to write abstracts to accompany their papers. The summary is an important tool for researchers who must sift through tons of of papers from their area of study. After completing the abstract, he proceeds to put in writing the introduction. This is a dilemma faced by several young researchers while drafting their first manuscript. Anabstractis similar to a summary except that it's extra concise and direct. Your abstract ought to begin with a background or goal to clearly state why the analysis was done, its importance to the sphere of research, and any earlier roadblocks encountered. It ought to embrace a really concise version of your strategies, outcomes, and conclusions however no references. We have annotated these samples that can assist you see the work that these authors are doing inside their abstracts. If you are writing an summary for a course paper, your professor could provide you with specific guidelines for what to incorporate and how to arrange your summary. Similarly, academic journals usually have specific necessities for abstracts. So along with following the advice on this page, you need to be sure to search for and follow any tips from the course or journal you’re writing for. It’s additionally value remembering that search engines and bibliographic databases use abstracts, in addition to the title, to identify key terms for indexing your revealed paper. If the Libraries have a subscription to the journal, the article ought to appear with a link to the total-textual content or to the journal publisher page where you will get the article. If the article does not appear, try searching Google Scholar using the hyperlink on the USC Libraries major page. If you still cannot find the article after doing this, contact a librarian or you possibly can request it from our free interlibrary mortgage and document supply service. Citing to just a journal article's summary does not confirm for the reader that you have carried out a radical or dependable evaluate of the literature. If the total-text just isn't obtainable, go to the USC Libraries major page and enter the title of the article . The details of a examine, such as exact methods and measurements, usually are not needed in the abstract. An summary provides the reader with a transparent description of your research and its results with out the reader having to learn the complete paper. The title web page, or APA format cover web page, is the primary web page of a paper or essay. Some teachers and professors do not require a title web page, but some do. If you’re undecided should you should embrace one or not, ask your trainer. It states why you conducted your research, what you wished to accomplish, and what is your speculation. Let us learn extra about the distinction between the summary and introduction. Psychology papers similar to lab stories and APA format articles also often require an abstract. In these cases as properly, the summary should include all of the major elements of your paper, together with an introduction, speculation, methods, outcomes, and discussion. What follows are some sample abstracts in published papers or articles, all written by faculty at UW-Madison who come from a wide range of disciplines. It should be concise whereas still offering enough info so that the reader need not read the complete article. Most journals ask that the summary be no more than 200–250 words long. So what you embrace in your abstract and in your title are crucial for helping other researchers discover your paper or article. For research in the humanities and social sciences, the abstract is usually descriptive. That is, it describes the topic of analysis and its findings but usually doesn’t give particular information about strategies and outcomes. These abstracts may also be seen in evaluate articles or convention proceedings. In scientific writing, however, abstracts are usually structured to explain the background, methods, results, and conclusions, with or without subheadings.
Rastriya Bavaikyathe Essay In Kannada Language Here are some questions you might ask of your document. You will note a standard theme—read critically with sensitivity to the context. You haven’t mentioned any information or cited any sources for several paragraphs. Don’t begin to write until you have a great define. Work closely along with your professor to guarantee that your subject is neither too broad nor too narrow. Big hassle is looming when you don’t have a selected subject by the tip of the primary week. You should be delving into the sources through the second week. Your professor could ask you to research a primary doc. These are often either filler phrases (the written equivalent of “uh” or “um”) or weasel phrases that merely call attention to your vagueness, lack of conviction, or lazy unwillingness to qualify precisely. (“Essentially, Churchill believed that Nazi Germany presented a grave hazard to Britain.”) Delete basically and basically except you are writing about essences or bases. Literally means really, factually, precisely, directly, without metaphor. The swamping was figurative, strictly a determine of speech. The adverb actually may also cause you hassle by falsely generalizing the coverage of your verb. “London was literally destroyed by the blitz.” This means that the entire metropolis was destroyed, when, in reality, solely parts had been destroyed. Rewrite as “The blitz destroyed parts of London.” Now you’ve qualified correctly . Read the sections beneath for more info and consider examples. You’re relieved that the paper counts for only 20 p.c of the course grade. However may not substitute for the coordinating conjunction however. (“Mussolini began his career as a socialist, but he later abandoned socialism for fascism.”) The word nevertheless has many correct makes use of; nonetheless, swish writers use it sparingly. The adjective attention-grabbing is imprecise, overused, and doesn't earn its hold. (“Burckhardt had an fascinating perspective on the Renaissance.”) This sentence is filler. Delete it and clarify and analyze his perspective. This is a new error, probably a carryover from the frequent conversational habit of pausing dramatically after although. (“Although, espresso consumption rose in eighteenth-century Europe, tea remained much more popular.”) Delete the comma after although. Remember that though is not a synonym for the word nonetheless, so you cannot clear up the problem within the sentence by putting a interval after Europe. A clause starting with though can not stand alone as a sentence. This list just isn't a instructed define for a paper; the wording of the assignment and the nature of the document itself ought to determine your organization and which of the questions are most related. Of course, you can ask these same questions of any document you encounter in your research. You cited a supply on your paper; historical Britons sited Stonehenge on a plain; Columbus’s lookout sighted land. Delete it and focus on particularly what Erasmus mentioned or did. It’s generally misused, and you nearly never need it in historic prose. Most good writers frown on using this word as a verb.(“Eisenhower’s army background impacted his foreign coverage.”) Affected, influenced, or formed could be higher here. Impacted suggests painfully blocked knowledge teeth or feces. Had an influence is better than impacted, however is still awkward as a result of influence implies a collision. Like concern, contain tells the reader too little. (“Erasmus was concerned in the Renaissance.”) This statement might mean just about something.
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9/17/2020 0 Comments Making An OutlineMaking An Outline But the actual fact is that every of the factors encompasses a wide range of information so that you can prepare in your research define about animals, for instance. Our support employees is on the market 24/7 to assist you all through the entire process. There’s no substitute for a second set of eyes, which is why you should rely on essay modifying by reliable professionals. Summate the aims of the paper by listing important findings, sharing implications of such findings, and welcoming further research inside a beneficial scope. In this part, you describe the contribution of your outcomes to the subject knowledge base, and the importance of every end in an explanatory, analytical, and argumentative method. and every sentence towards the topic sentence of that paragraph. It’s additionally essential to maintain monitor of citations at this stage to avoid unintentional plagiarism. Each time you employ a source, make sure to take note of where the knowledge got here from. Expressing your ideas as clearly as potential, so you know what you had been trying to say if you come back to the text. Even 63 years after its publication, Orwell’s essay is emulated by contemporary thinkers. Check whether any sections feel out of place and whether or not your concepts could be better organized. Check how your imaginative and prescient of the paper traces up with the primary draft and, more importantly, that your paper nonetheless answers the project. There are four main concerns in terms of the second draft. The conclusion is designed to help your reader out of the paper’s argument, giving them a way of finality. Be conscious of paragraphs that appear to cowl the same issues. This impression is particularly apparent in mild of the varied crucial evaluation articles that have lately referenced the essay. George Orwell’s 1946 essay “Politics and the English Language” has had an enduring impression on thought in regards to the relationship between politics and language. Do not solely confirm the ideas you have in mind, however search for sources that contradict your viewpoint. A paper on the expertise of Danish citizens dwelling close to the German border during World War II can be particular and might be unique enough. If two paragraphs focus on something similar, they need to strategy that topic in different ways. Aim to create easy transitions between sentences, paragraphs, and sections. You may need to include relevant citations from references that you've got reviewed to assist your viewpoints. This part includes the scope and the analysis of strategies utilized in performing the analysis, which can be qualitative or quantitative. If you employ a mix of methods, discuss every method individually in secondary pointers. Overall, this part explains how you conduct the research and why the methods are valid . Once you’re done together with your analysis outline, you must evaluate the textual content and see whether or not you have to make any changes. Near the start of each paragraph, I’ve used an excellent subject sentence. I even have provided an appropriately formatted in-text citation for each piece of knowledge from one other supply. Confirm that your paper completes each task laid out in your project sheet. Provide an extra list of supportive supplies for each primary point. Keep it easy – Don’t get too carried away on your outline. A paper following the chronology of World War II wouldn't be unique or particular enough. Make a bulleted list of the key factors, then go back and cross accomplished items off as you’re writing. Identify the assignment aim, deadline, length specifications, formatting, and submission methodology. General overview that includes reasons, effects, risks, possible situations of growth. APA often requires to incorporate Abstract followed by Keywords. Confirm if this street map will lead you to the specified objectives. This section will embody all the equipment, instruments, approaches, and different assets you’ll use to conduct the research. The idea is to make surer another particular person can exchange the research using the same resources and get the identical results. The relationship between every sentence and the preceding sentence is made clear, both through continuity in the subject matter or an applicable transitional word or phrase.
When the audience does not receive a rounded story, and causality is being blurred the effect of a play can be unsettling, suggesting the presence of an unsolved situation. Although in the case of Death And The Maiden ambiguity is used in an unusual, opposite way where the created effect is best described by calmness and acquiescence. Does Paulina kill Roberto, or does she let him stay alive? Is Roberto really there in the theatre or is he just a fantasy? Leaving these questions open is very provocative. For the first sight the reader might feel intimidated, that the foundations for any interpretation are removed, there are so few facts to start from. Because as he might discovered from the context before there is a symbolism, that one can associate characters with the people of post Pinochet Chile, or people of any country in a state of healing. But then how does this symbolism work? It does not say too much about the ways of reconciliation, and what is more that even if it does so it feels like an analytical dead end. Because it says that no matter in what ways you try to set yourself free of trauma, by revenge or by forgiveness the outcome will be the same, Roberto or his phantom will always be there. This provocative nature of ambiguity forces the reader to look for new explanations. And where is the solution to be found if not in the book’s yet least understood part, in its title. What is death and the maiden for the reader? It can be the Schubert piece, or a motif that manifests itself in arts and literature from the medieval ages. But most importantly it is the motif for the universal presence of death. And suddenly all makes sense, Dorfman does not intend to intimidate the reader azzal, hogy azt mondja nincs megoldas a tramumaval valo megkuzdesre.
12/12/2019 0 Comments Literature Review MethaneMethane Recovery from Landfills Utilization as a Potential Energy Source and Impact on Reduction of Green House Gasses According to The Conference Board of Canada, current Canadian municipal solid waste (MSW) generation levels are approximately 30 million tonnes per year, with a rate of 894 kg per capita, 67 percent of which is landfilled. (Jones L. et al. 2002) Sanitary landfills burry MSW under soil, sanctioning a complex series of reactions to occur, where anaerobic microorganisms decompose a portion of the organic fraction of the waste producing methane and carbon dioxide.Methane generation and emission from landfills are topics of major interest due to methane's role in the greenhouse effect, migration of hazard potential, health and safety issues and energy applications. The objective of this literature review is to provide a concise relationship between MSW and landfill gasses (LFG), details of potential methods used for capturing methane as appose to emitting the gas as well as the benefits of doing. Rendering to information written by D. R. Reinhart and T. G. Townsend (1998), MSW contains approximately 50 – 70 % of biodegradable material, such as food, paper, wood, and garden trimmings.Once MSW is deposited into a landfill, it undergoes a number of biological, physical and chemical changes. These changes are greatly dependent on site conditions, waste characteristics, temperature, quantity of oxygen, moisture content and other factors. (Nozhevinikova et al. 1993) The most important reactions occurring within the landfill are those involving the microbes which begin to consume the carbon in the organic material, in turn causing the decomposition and eventually leading to the evaluate of LFG.In sanitary landfills, the process of burying waste and regularly covering deposits with a low permeability material creates an internal anaerobic environment that favors methane producing bacteria since the presence of oxygen is lacking. Pathways leading to the production of methane and carbon dioxide from anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of solid waste are briefly described bellow: 1) Decomposition of organic matter- In this preliminary process, compounds of higher molecular mass (Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids etc. are transformed into intermediate mass compounds making them much more suitable for the microorganisms as a source of energy and cell carbon 2) Conversion of decomposed matter to Organic Acid- In this phase, the existing microorganisms convert the intermediate molecular mass compounds into lower molecular mass compounds such as compel organic acids. 3) Conversion of Acetic Acid to Methane Gas- During this stage, the microorganisms transform the acetic acid into methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gasses. Cassia de Brito Galvao, T. and Pos, W. H. 2002) As the solid waste decomposes in landfills, the gas which is emitted is composed of approximately 50 percent CH4 and 50 percent CO2, both of which are green house gasses (GHG) (Bingemer, H G. , ; Crutzen, P. J. 1987) With Landfilling being the primary source of disposal of MSW around the world, (Encyclopedia Britanica 2012) methane emissions from landfill represent the largest source of GHG emissions from the waste sector, contributing around 700 Mt CO2-e. United Nations Environmental Programme 2012) As recorded by Environment Canada (2010), similar trends exist nationally with emissions from Canadian landfills accounting for 20% of the total national methane emissions. Information gathered in a thesis prepared by Palananthakumar, B. (1991) outlines the proportion of methane produced world wide from landfills, and can be seen illustrated graphically below in Figure 1. 0. Figure 1. 0: % of Methane Production Contributions Worldwide from Landfill Existing research leads to the confident statement that methane is a potent greenhouse gas.As summarized in a 2009 article from the Municipal Solid Waste, the Journal for Municipal Solid Waste Professionals, In its Fourth Assessment Report (2007), The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that, on a 100-year time frame, each molecule of methane has a global warming potential 25 times higher than that associated with a molecule of carbon dioxide. (Duffy, D. P. et al 2009) Table 1. 0 summarizes the enumerated global warming potential for the primary greenhouse gasses discussed. Table 1. : Global Warming Potential (GWP) for a Given Time Horizon Greenhouse Gas| GWP20-yr (kg CO2-e| GWP (IPCC 2007) 100-yr (kg CO2-e)| GWP 500-yr (kg CO2-e)| Carbon Dioxide (CO2)| 1| 1| 1| Methane (CH4)| 72| 25| 7. 6| (Forster, P. et al 2007) In the last decade, attention to methane emissions from landfills has grown significantly with increased and ongoing awareness of global warming. The efforts of individual landfills as well as the nations as a whole are closely monitored for the control of methane emissions.A trend has been observed that the magnitude of methane emission has been slightly decreasing, which is potentially due to the development of LFG to energy projects. Contrary to the negative perception associated with all greenhouse gasses, capturing this LFG can lead to beneficial outcomes. Generally, recovered methane either flares or is used as source of energy. The use of the gas as a source of energy is economical and environmentally friendly method to reduce LFG emissions. There are three primary approaches for the utilization of LFG.They include; 1) Direct use of gas locally 2) Generation of electricity and distribution through power grid 3) Processing and injection into a gas pipeline. (Palananthakumar, B. 1991) The captured LFG has the potential to provide a continuous source of energy and improve local air quality. In addition, using LFG can significantly reduce GHG emission, making the option of exploiting this alternative energy source a very viable option to MSW management. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has utilized this MSW management option and continues to encourage it.They have created a program that aims to help reduce methane emissions from landfills by assisting and encouraging the recovery and use of LFG as an energy resource. Since the programs inception, Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) has assisted 520 LFG energy projects in the United States reduce landfill CH4 emissions and avoid CO2 emissions by a combined 44 million metric tons of carbon equivalent. The reduction of methane emission through this program has slightly influenced the overall emission of LFG in USA.The success of LMOP can be reckoned by observing statistics from 2010 where reductions from all operational LFG energy projects were equivalent to Annual GHG emissions from 18. 5 million passenger vehicles. (United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012) A variety of technologies exist to generate electricity from collected methane including, internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and microturbines. Although there is a diversity of technologies, approximately eighty five percent of existing LFG electricity generation projects use internal combustion engines or turbines. United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012) “How much energy can Municipal solid waste produce? †is a common question among existing research. According to “An Overview of Landfill Gas Energy in the United States†published by U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Landfill Methane Outreach Program, one million tons of landfilled MSW can produce an electricity generation capacity of approximately 0. 8 MW. To further quantify this value, allowing the magnitude of the electricity generation to be understood, Focus on Energy (2003) outlines that 0. 8MW would be drawn to power approximately 8 000 100w light bulbs.It can be concluded that LFG recovery wreaks benefits environmentally, socially and economically. LFG recovery, particularly methane, also makes an impact on the larger issue termed green house effect, as it is amongst the most cost effective and feasible measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The recovered LFG can be directly or indirectly utilized to produce energy, which is a perpetually small, however; a very important component of an integrated approach to the solid waste management given that the use of landfills continues to remain the predominant method of municipal solid waste disposal in most countries. Global Methane 2012) References Bingemer, H G. , ; Crutzen, P. J. (1987). The Production of Methane from Solid Wastes. †Journal of Geophysical Research, 90(D2), 2181–2187. Cassia de Brito Galvao, T. and Pos, W. H. (2002) “Landfill Biogas Management: Case of Chilean Sanitary Landfills. †Recovering Energy from Waste, 183-194. Conference Board of Canada. (2011). “Municipal Waste Generation. †How Canada Performs, ; http://www. conferenceboard. ca/hcp/details/environment/municipal- waste-generation. aspx#_ftnref3; (Sept. 28th, 2012) Duffy, D.. P et al (2009). “Moving Up… to the Top of the Landfill. Municipal Solid Waste Management. 19(2), 36-39. Encyclopedia Britanica (2012). “Solid Waste Management. †;http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/553362/solid-wastemanagement /72390/Sanitary-landfill; (Sept. 29th, 2012) Environment Canada (2010). “Municipal Solid Waste and Greenhouse Gases. †;http://www. ec. gc. ca/gdd-mw/default. asp? lang=En;n=6F92E701-1; (Sept 29th, 2012) Focus On Energy (2003). “Electricity Basics for Renewable Energy Systemsâ€, Focus on Energy, Wisconsin. Forster, P. et al (2007) “Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Global Methane (2012). “Basic Concepts of Integrated Solid Waste Management. †International Best Practices Guide for LFGE Projects, Global Methane Initiative, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Jones, L. et al. (2002). “Environmental Indicators 5th Edition. †Critical Issues Bulletin, The Fraser Institute: Vancouver, BC Landfill Methane Outreach Program (2012). “An Overview of Landfill Gas Energy in the United States†U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.Nozhevinikova, A. N. , et al. (1993). “Microbiological Process in Landfills. †Water Science Technology, 27(2), 243-252. Reinhart, D. R. , and Townsend, T. G. (1998). Landfill Bioreactor Design ; Operation, CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, USA. Palananthakumar, B. (1991). “Modeling of Methane Generation, Oxidation and Emission in Landfills. †M. Eng. Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology School of Environment, Resources and Development, Bangkok, Thailand. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2012). “Landfill Gas Energy:A Guide to Developing and Implementing Greenhouse Gas Reduction Programs. Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Guides, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2011). “Landfill Methane Outreach Program. †Environmental Protection Agency, ;http://www. epa. gov/lmop/ faq/ lmop. html; (Sept 29th, 2012) United Nations Environmental Programme (2012) “Waste and Climate Change: Global Trends and Strategy Framework. †United Nations Environmental Programme Division of Technology, Industry and Economics International Environmental Technology Centre, Osaka, Japan.
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